20 Worst Fords of All Time (Based on the Engines)

Alright, gather 'round, fellow gearheads and garage dwellers! It's your pal here, ready to take you on a journey through the automotive hall of shame – specifically, the Ford wing.
Now, I've seen my fair share of temperamental classics, cars with quirks that make you chuckle as you reach for the toolbox. But then there are the Fords that just left you scratching your head and wondering what went wrong in the design room.
We're not talking about a little rust or a funny smell; we're diving deep into the heart of the matter: the engines that turned some otherwise potentially decent vehicles into driveway decorations.
So, grab a cold one and get ready for my personal countdown of the 20 worst Ford vehicles ever to grace (or disgrace) our roads, all based on the miserable lumps of metal they called engines.
20) Ford Festiva (1988-1993): The Little Engine That Could…Barely

Accompanied by a 1.5L four-cylinder Mazda engine that generated 99 horsepower, this machine also won the naming contest as the Kia Pride alongside Mazda. While it was touted as a reliable "Econo box" with decent gas mileage back in the day, let's be honest, that engine was about as exciting as watching paint dry. The Festiva lagged behind both the Chevrolet Sprint and Hyundai Excel during its time period in engine strength since it delivered a weak performance.
19) Ford Aspire (1994-1997): The Festiva's Less Aspirational Cousin

The Aspire brought several performance weaknesses from its Festiva predecessor and lost even more of its attractive qualities during its debut period. The Aspire's primary engine problem appeared when you pushed the rpm too high since this led to lower engine bearing failure. Driving a Ford Aspire during traffic attempts at merging onto the highway remains an unattractive experience since its engine displays performance losses similar to Geo Metro or Daihatsu Charade.
18) Ford Contour SVT (1998): The Sporty Sedan That Couldn't Keep Up

The Contour SVT entered the competitive sport sedan market as Ford attempted to create an impact but its engine was not enough to make a difference. The Contour SVT boasted 2.5L V6 engine output of 195 horsepower; however, it compared unfavorably against competitors with the Pontiac Grand Prix GXP or the imposing 2.3L V6 engine Impala SS.
This made the Contour SVT feel like a weaponless combatant in a gunfight. Buyers who wanted a fun '90s sedan during the period would have sought models from Japan or Germany since this domestic model was a major disappointment.
17) Ford Probe (1994): Cool Looks, Underwhelming Performance

A design of the Ford Probe presented coupe-like looks which evoked some Japanese stylistic elements. The hood would reveal a 2.5L V6 engine that generated only 160 horsepower according to industry standards. Driving this car was like a futile search for excitement since its appealing design struggled to keep pace with competition from the Toyota Celica, Honda Prelude, or Mitsubishi Eclipse.
The Murky Middle: Where Engine Troubles Became a Real Headache (Numbers 15-6)
Now we're getting into the Fords where the engines weren't just a bit dull; they started causing real problems and emptying wallets.
16) Ford Mustang II (1974-1978): The Malaise Era Pony

The Mustang II…oh boy. During the gasoline shortage Mustang enthusiasts found disappointment when they had access to the base model Mustang II that used a low-power 2.3L inline-four engine generating only 92 horsepower.
The vehicle lacked speed and modern looks when compared to the models which came before it 1. Many car enthusiasts attempted to fix the lack of power in the Mustang II by trying to install V8 5 engines with 302ci displacement because the V8 engine option was unavailable for most of its production time.
The Mustang story included this model as its unfortunate period that marked a contrast to Chevrolet Monza and AMC Gremlin.
15) Ford Tempo (1984-1994): Aerodynamic but Apathetic

The aerodynamic design of the Ford Tempo won initial market success from customers. In the minds of most people from that era, the Tempo was not memorable for any particular reason.
While the specifics of engine failures aren't screaming from the headlines, the overall blandness suggests the engine probably wasn't winning any awards for excitement or reliability, unlike maybe a Honda Accord or Toyota Camry of the time.
14) Mercury Capri (Third Generation, 1991-1994): Miata Wannabe, Aussie Import Flop

Aside from being an Australian import Ford sent the two-door roadster Capri model to the United States market. The vehicle used a front-wheel-drive system and 1.6L engine (delivering approximately 100 horsepower) that originated from the Mazda 323 hatchback.
The problem? The Mazda Miata created a massive market success due to its exceptional rear-wheel-drive handling quality right after it hit the market. The Capri's competitors beat it in driving performance since its driving characteristics strangely resembled a standard multi-function hatch without the sporty convertible agility like the MG Midget.
13) Ford Taurus (Various Generations Post-First): The Once-Great Sedan's Decline

The first Taurus introduced groundbreaking changes to the market without question. All seemed well with the car but its journey descended into negative progression. People expressed dissatisfaction with all aspects of the seven generation Ford product - from its powertrains to its styling to its interior features.
Under the shared platform with Taurus the Windstar minivan carried the problematic 3.8L Essex V6 which had a reputation for temperatures and head gasket failures. Such findings present a declining narrative for the once-great automobile which needed to contend with the Chevrolet Malibu in the marketplace.
12) Ford Windstar (First Generation, 1995-1998): Head Gasket Heaven

The original Windstar vehicles with the 3.8L Essex V6 engine experienced a widespread problem with premature head gasket failure that affected these models particularly during the first generation period.
Owners of Windstar vehicles equipped with a 3.8L Essex V6 must endure coolants leaking and oil contamination across 75,000 miles or less before reaching 75,000 miles. This commuting disaster forced Ford to launch service campaigns to resolve the problem according to reports.
The incompatible expansion dynamics between aluminum heads and cast iron block served as the explanation for such failures. People choosing between Town & Country by Chrysler or Odyssey by Honda would have viewed the first Windstar as a risky proposition at that time.
11) Ford Aerostar (Four-Wheel Drive): Odd Looks, Questionable Longevity

The four-wheel-drive Ford Aerostar model featured a 4.0L V6 engine. The first-generation Windstar's disappearance from roads stands as a telling sign because it failed to match the longevity of Chrysler minivans from the same era.
The Windstar's shift to a front-wheel-drive platform shared with the Taurus and its well-documented 3.8L V6 head gasket woes suggests that maybe the Aerostar's powertrain wasn't exactly bulletproof either, contributing to its eventual fade-out compared to rivals like the Chevrolet Astro.
10) Ford Edsel (1957-1959): The Marketing Flop with Production Foibles

The Edsel. What can I say? The Edsel stands as the ultimate symbol of automotive failure. The initial production run of this vehicle faced numerous problems despite common criticism of its marketing and styling. The initial Edsels left the assembly line with numerous engine issues which made an already perplexed customer base even more frustrated. Imagine trying to sell a "premium" car that won't even start reliably – not a great strategy when you're up against the established players like Buick and Oldsmobile.
9) Ford EcoSport (2018-2022): Neither Economical Nor Sporty Engine

The Ford EcoSport import model arrived in the market without much demand from customers. The vehicle failed to deliver on its promised economical and sporty characteristics. The engines, likely small four-cylinders, just didn't deliver the fuel efficiency you'd expect from a subcompact SUV, nor did they offer any real get-up-and-go. The US market lost interest in the Ford EcoSport because it faced better competitors such as the Honda HR-V.
8) Ford Pinto (1971-1980): More Than Just a Fiery Fuel Tank

Ah, the Pinto. The Pinto gained fame for its dangerous tendency to become a mobile fire hazard during rear-end accidents while also suffering from severe power limitations. The early Pinto models required a complete recall from Ford because of a potential engine vapor ignition issue. Your car combined deadly potential with sluggish performance which made it an absolute champion. The Pinto's reputation stands worse than both the Chevy Vega and VW Beetle.
7) Ford Escape (First Generation, 2001-2007): Early Warning Signs of Trouble

The initial Ford Escape models faced numerous engine-related issues that created significant problems for owners. The 3.0L V6 engine model in the early Escape SUVs developed severe issues that combined with electrical malfunctions to create expensive maintenance problems. A
person I know had to buy a completely new engine for their Pinto after driving only 80,000 miles. Ford recognized their early Escape models had significant issues because their reliability ranking placed them at position 41 out of 42 Ford models. The early Escape stood as a high-risk alternative to the Honda CR-V and Toyota RAV4 models from the same period.
6) Ford Thunderbird (2002-2005): A Retro Reboot That Fizzled

Ford attempted to resurrect the Thunderbird brand during the early 2000s yet produced a disappointing outcome. The vehicle had a V6 engine with 3.9L displacement instead of the 2.5L mentioned elsewhere 1 and its reliability was questionable.
The mismatch between aluminum heads and steel block led these engines to blow their head gaskets. It's a shame, as the original Thunderbirds were cool cruisers, unlike this modern attempt that couldn't even keep its engine happy compared to something like a Mercedes-Benz SLK.
The Mount Everest of Mistakes: Engines That Were Truly Terrible (The Top 5)
Alright, we've reached the peak of Mount Unreliable. These are the Fords whose engines achieved legendary status for all the wrong reasons.
5) Ford Excursion (2000-2005): The Beast with a Troubled Heart

The Ford Excursion offered a massive SUV package which included a robust 6.0L diesel V8. The engine's powerful capabilities required a significant sacrifice in terms of dependability.
The engine became famous for its severe problems which required expensive repairs that could cost you your entire limb. The 6.0L diesel V8 engine in the Ford Excursion suffered from a complete list of problems including EGR issues and head gasket failures and injector problems and coolant leaks and turbocharger failures and everything else in between.
The ability to tow anything was the only advantage of this engine since owning it created more maintenance concerns than Chevrolet Suburban or GMC Yukon XL models.
4) Ford Super Duty (2003-2007) with the 6.0L Power Stroke: The Mechanic's Retirement Fund

A Ford Super Duty equipped with the 6.0L Power Stroke diesel engine between 2003 and 2007 would provide your mechanic with a generous retirement fund according to. The engine suffered from multiple issues such as EGR problems and head gasket failures which often occurred because of weak head bolts and injector malfunctions and coolant leaks and turbocharger breakdowns. The replacement of injectors demanded mechanics to remove the entire truck cab from the vehicle times. The engine problems became severe enough that Ford had to deal with multiple class-action lawsuits regarding this engine model. The Cummins engine installed in Chevrolet Silverado HDs and Dodge Rams made their owners rest peacefully through the night.
3) Ford Super Duty (2008-2010) with the 6.4L Power Stroke: Son of a Problematic Engine

You'd think Ford would have learned its lesson with the 6.0L, but the 6.4L Power Stroke, which came out in the Super Duty trucks from 2008 to 2010, wasn't much better. The 6.4L Power Stroke engine brought forward multiple problems from its predecessor such as cracked pistons and piston ring failures and turbocharger issues and EGR cooler breakdowns and radiator leaks. The engine delivered additional performance but its reliability issues persisted which made it a risky choice compared to competing models.
2) Ford Vehicles with the 5.4L Triton V8 (1997-2014): The Spark Plug and Cam Phaser Saga

Ford truck and SUV owners from 2004 to 2010 experienced both love and dread for their three-valve 5.4L Triton V8 engines.
The two primary issues involved spark plugs that either ejected from the cylinder head or broke off during removal because of thread deficiencies and the notorious cam phaser failure that produced distinctive rattling sounds and performance problems because of poor oil flow and sludge accumulation.
The F-150 along with Expedition and Lincoln Navigator experienced multiple issues.
1) Ford Vehicles with the 3.8L Essex V6 (1982-2004): The Head Gasket King

The 3.8L Essex V6 stands as my selection for the worst Ford engine ever produced. The 3.8L Essex V6 engine experienced a lengthy production cycle while being installed in multiple Ford models including Mustang, Thunderbird, Taurus, Sable, and Windstar.
However, its main problem involved frequent head gasket failures. The Essex V6 engine frequently developed coolant leaks and oil mixing and caused engine damage starting at 150,000 miles but sometimes earlier especially in front-wheel-drive vehicles. Ford released multiple service campaigns and extended warranties to address this problem but failed to resolve it completely.
The 3.8L Essex V6 stands as the worst Ford engine according to my assessment because it affected numerous vehicles and consistently earned a reputation for its major engine defect.
Rank | Vehicle (Year) | Worst Engine | Engine Issues | Competitors | Web Consensus |
20 | Ford Festiva (1988-1993) | 1.5L Four-Cylinder (Mazda) | Underwhelming power (99 hp) for its time. | Chevrolet Sprint, Hyundai Excel | Reliable but lacked excitement compared to competitors [1, 2]. |
19 | Ford Aspire (1994-1997) | Various Small Four-Cylinders | Prone to lower engine bearing failure if revved too high [3, 4]. | Geo Metro, Daihatsu Charade | Forgettable and inherited the Festiva's engine shortcomings while losing its charm [2]. |
18 | Ford Contour SVT (1998) | 2.5L V6 | Respectable 195 hp but underpowered against rivals [1]. | Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, Impala SS | Sporty attempt but couldn't keep up with more powerful competitors [1]. |
17 | Ford Probe (1994) | 2.5L V6 | Sleek looks but only 160 hp, lacking the performance to match [1]. | Toyota Celica, Honda Prelude, Mitsubishi Eclipse | Style over substance, engine didn't live up to its sporty appearance [1]. |
16 | Ford Mustang II (1974-1978) | 2.3L Inline-Four | Sluggish with only 92 hp, no V8 option for a good portion of its run [1, 5]. | Chevrolet Monza, AMC Gremlin | Malaise era pony car that was underpowered and less attractive than its predecessors [1, 6]. |
15 | Ford Tempo (1984-1994) | Various (Likely Four-Cylinders) | Overall blandness suggests the engine wasn't exciting or particularly reliable [7]. | Honda Accord, Toyota Camry | Aerodynamic but apathetic, the engine likely contributed to its unremarkable nature [7]. |
14 | Mercury Capri (Third Generation, 1991-1994) | 1.6L Four-Cylinder (Mazda) | Around 100 hp, front-wheel drive couldn't compete with the Miata's rear-wheel drive [2]. | Mazda Miata, MG Midget | Miata wannabe that felt more like a lukewarm hatchback than a sporty convertible [2]. |
13 | Ford Taurus (Various Generations Post-First) | Various (Including 3.8L Essex V6) | Later generations suffered from engine complaints and overall decline in quality [7]. | Chevrolet Malibu | Once a great sedan, later versions faced issues across the board, including engines [7]. |
12 | Ford Windstar (First Generation, 1995-1998) | 3.8L Essex V6 | Notorious for premature head gasket failures due to aluminum heads on a cast iron block [2, 8, 9]. | Chrysler Town & Country, Honda Odyssey | Head gasket heaven, a gamble compared to more reliable minivans of the time [8]. |
11 | Ford Aerostar (Four-Wheel Drive) | 4.0L V6 | While decent, its eventual replacement by the problematic Windstar suggests potential longevity issues [2]. | Chevrolet Astro | Odd looks and questionable long-term reliability compared to competitors [2]. |
10 | Ford Edsel (1957-1959) | Various V8s | Initial production plagued with issues, likely including engine problems [10]. | Buick, Oldsmobile | Marketing flop with production foibles, engine issues probably added to its downfall [10]. |
9 | Ford EcoSport (2018-2022) | Small Four-Cylinders | Didn't deliver expected fuel efficiency or sporty performance [7]. | Honda HR-V | Neither economical nor sporty, eventually discontinued in the US [7]. |
8 | Ford Pinto (1971-1980) | Various Four-Cylinders | Grossly underpowered and recalled for potential fuel vapor ignition in the engine . | Chevy Vega, VW Beetle | More than just a fiery fuel tank, it was also slow and had early engine-related recalls [11]. |
7 | Ford Escape (First Generation, 2001-2007) | 3.0L V6 | Prone to major engine problems and electrical issues, becoming a money pit [1, 12]. | Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV4 | Early warning signs of trouble, less reliable than its main competitors [13]. |
6 | Ford Thunderbird (2002-2005) | 3.9L V6 | Known for blowing head gaskets due to aluminum heads on a steel block [9]. | Mercedes-Benz SLK | Retro reboot that fizzled, engine reliability was a significant issue [1]. |
5 | Ford Excursion (2000-2005) | 6.0L Diesel V8 | Powerful but plagued with EGR problems, head gasket failures, injector issues, coolant leaks, and turbocharger failures [1]. | Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon XL | A beast with a troubled heart, known for expensive engine repairs [14]. |
4 | Ford Super Duty (2003-2007) | 6.0L Power Stroke Diesel V8 | Infamous for head gasket failures (weak head bolts), EGR issues, injector problems, coolant leaks, and turbocharger failures [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. | Chevrolet Silverado HD, Dodge Ram (Cummins) | The mechanic's retirement fund, owners faced class-action lawsuits due to engine problems [14]. |
3 | Ford Super Duty (2008-2010) | 6.4L Power Stroke Diesel V8 | Inherited many issues from the 6.0L, including cracked pistons, ring failures, turbo problems, EGR cooler failures, and leaking radiators [14, 20, 21]. | Chevrolet Silverado HD, Dodge Ram (Cummins) | Son of a problematic engine, continued the trend of high service costs and repairs [14]. |
2 | Ford Vehicles (1997-2014) | 5.4L Triton V8 | Spark plugs would eject or break during removal (especially 3-valve version), and cam phaser failure causing rattling and performance issues [14, 20, 21, 22, 6, 23, 24, 25]. | Various (F-150, Expedition, Navigator) | The spark plug and cam phaser saga, plagued popular models with costly repairs [19]. |
1 | Ford Vehicles (1982-2004) | 3.8L Essex V6 | Head gasket failure was a major and widespread issue, leading to coolant leaks and engine damage [8, 9, 14, 20, 26, 27]. | Ford Mustang, Thunderbird, Taurus, Sable, Windstar | The head gasket king, notorious for unreliability across numerous Ford models [14]. |
Conclusion: Lessons Learned (Maybe?) – A Look Back at Ford's Engine Mishaps
So there you have it, my personal rundown of the 20 worst Ford vehicles, all thanks to some truly questionable engine choices. As a guy who loves tinkering with old cars, I can appreciate a bit of character, but some of these engines were just plain frustrating. They cost owners a lot of time, money, and probably a few choice words muttered on the side of the road.
Hopefully, Ford has learned a thing or two from these past missteps. While even the best manufacturers have recalls now and then 32, the sheer scale and severity of the problems with engines like the Essex V6 and the Triton V8 seem to be (mostly) behind us. But hey, the next time you're at a car show and someone starts reminiscing about the good old days of Ford, just casually mention the 3.8L Essex. That'll keep things interesting.
Works cited
- 10 Terrible Used Fords We Wouldn't Waste Our Money On - HotCars, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.hotcars.com/terrible-used-fords-we-wouldnt-waste-our-money-on/
- Worst cars of the '90s from Ford Motor Company! - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTLnifpcFbI
- Ford Aspire Repair Costs & Common Problems - RepairPal, accessed March 23, 2025, https://repairpal.com/ford/aspire
- Common Ford Aspire Problems & Complaints - RepairPal, accessed March 23, 2025, https://repairpal.com/problems/ford/aspire
- Why is the 1974-1978 Mustang II seldom seen? - Forums - AACA, accessed March 23, 2025, https://forums.aaca.org/topic/418264-why-is-the-1974-1978-mustang-ii-seldom-seen/
- How To Get More Out Of 2.8? - Mustang Forums at StangNet, accessed March 23, 2025, https://stangnet.com/mustang-forums/threads/how-to-get-more-out-of-2-8.901993/
- These Are The Worst Cars Ford Ever Built - Jalopnik, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.jalopnik.com/these-are-the-worst-cars-ford-ever-built-1849385878/
- Ford 3.8L Head Gasket Trouble - The Center for Auto Safety, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.autosafety.org/ford-38l-head-gasket-trouble/
- The Ford Mustang V6 Essex Engine is Simple yet Forgotten - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mbgdUq4PDlc&pp=ygUMI2Nvc3dvcnRoMjR2
- Ford's Biggest Car Flops Of All Time - SlashGear, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.slashgear.com/1175961/fords-biggest-car-flops-of-all-time/
- Ford Pinto - Wikipedia, accessed March 23, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Pinto
- The Ford Pinto - The American Museum of Tort Law, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.tortmuseum.org/ford-pinto/
- Ford's Disaster: The Pinto - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orM-EExql24
- Ford Pinto Fuel Tank - The Center for Auto Safety, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.autosafety.org/ford-pinto-fuel-tank/
- What FORD JUST ANNOUNCED SHOCKS The ENTIRE Truck Market! - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoWreF9oeMk
- The Worst Ford Models - Ford Problems, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.fordproblems.com/models/
- 10 Least Reliable Ford Engines We Stay Away From (5 That Last Forever) - HotCars, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.hotcars.com/least-reliable-ford-engines-stay-away-from-some-that-last-forever/
- The Most Common Problems With Ford's 6.0L Power Stroke Diesel Engine - SlashGear, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.slashgear.com/1731222/ford-6-0-power-stroke-engine-common-problems/
- Ford's 6.0 Power Stroke Diesel Engine: The Good, the Bad and the Upgrades, accessed March 23, 2025, https://ca.bddiesel.com/blogs/r-d-blog/fords-6-0-power-stroke-diesel-engine-the-good-the-bad-and-the-upgrades
- Ford 6.0L PowerStroke Diesel Top 5 Issues | Should YOU BUY This Engine?? - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZXUtNeTK60
- 6.0L Bad Years | Ford Powerstroke Diesel Forum, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.powerstroke.org/threads/6-0l-bad-years.534601/
- Five Common Problems With the Ford Powerstroke 6.0L Engine - Moose Jaw Truck Shop, accessed March 23, 2025, https://moosejawtruckshop.com/five-common-problems-with-the-ford-powerstroke-6-0l-engine/
- The 5 Worst Ford Engines Ever Made - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjL7HL78avo
- MOST FAILED Ford ENGINES ever put in production cars - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONjWWAl_gBQ
- The Ford 5.4L Triton V8 - Common Problems And Solutions | Powertrain Products Blog, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.powertrainproducts.net/ford-triton-common-problems/
- What Are the Most Common Problems with Ford F-150 Trucks? - Gil's Garage Inc, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.gilsgarage.com/blog/what-are-the-most-common-problems-with-ford-f-150-trucks
- Ford 5.4 Engine Problems - CoPilot for Car Shopping, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.copilotsearch.com/posts/ford-5.4-engine-problems/
- The Trouble with Ford's 5.4L V8 Engines - Cheap RV Living, accessed March 23, 2025, https://cheaprvliving.com/the-trouble-with-fords-5-4l-v8-engines/
- Common Issues with the Ford 5.4l 3v Triton V8 Engine 2004-2014 F-series, Expedition, Excursion - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ujobOLEKIA
- Ford's Forgotten Engines: The Essex V6 & 255 V8—A Story of Compromise - YouTube, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFTJCp-ntzc
- Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian) - Wikipedia, accessed March 23, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Essex_V6_engine_(Canadian)
- www.wsbtv.com, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/ford-recalls-bronco-edge-explorer-f-150-vehicles-due-engine-problem/T45MAVIKJJHETIRAMJD7TFZO2I/#:~:text=The%20company%20issued%20a%20recall,the%20risk%20of%20a%20crash.
- Ford recalls Bronco, Edge, Explorer, and F-150 vehicles due to engine problem - WSB-TV, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/ford-recalls-bronco-edge-explorer-f-150-vehicles-due-engine-problem/T45MAVIKJJHETIRAMJD7TFZO2I/
- Ford recalls F-150, Bronco, Explorer, and Edge vehicles due to engine problem - WHIO-TV, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.whio.com/news/local/ford-recalls-f-150-bronco-explorer-edge-vehicles-due-engine-problem/UOEYKIQ7NJHZFK7JXNCA2VKXRY/
- Ford Issues Recall Due to Major Engine Problems - Paul Knopf Bigger, accessed March 23, 2025, https://www.pkblawfirm.com/blog/ford-issues-recall-due-to-major-engine-problems/
- Under the Hood: Ford Bronco Engine Reliability Explored, accessed March 23, 2025, https://radbroncoparts.com/blogs/news/under-the-hood-ford-bronco-engine-reliability-explored